Simply put, land reclamation involves creating new land where there was none before, which can be exploited for new purposes. In 2018, the Hong Kong government announced Lantau Tomorrow Vision, a massive land reclamation project of the coast of Lantau Island that will cover 1000 hectares of artificial islands and house over one million people. In a 2019 policy address from Carrie Lam, the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, it was recognised that reclamation in the … While a proposed upgrade of a harbour treatment scheme would achieve this desired effect, the plan would not cover large parts of NT or outlying islands like Lantau. It is estimated over 35% of its developed land area has been reclaimed from the sea . The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill. This sort of oxygen depletion – known as hypoxia – may cause irreparable damage to the marine ecosystem. In the 1950s, Hong Kong’s population began growing at exponential rates, which was largely due to a massive influx of. 1970s-80s – In the 70s and 80s, land reclamation began in Wan Chai and Causeway Bay and Jardine House (completed in 1976) became an iconic symbol of HK. In order for it to become a metropolitan city that it is today, numerous land reclamation projects were carried out to create buildable land. Reclamation was an unsystematic urban expansion measure, which meant that the majority of projects were piecemeal private initiatives which rarely amounted to major infrastructural development policy throughout this period. Around a third of the city’s population resides on reclaimed land, and as much as 70 percent of Hong Kong’s commercial activities take place on it, too. The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996. The executive-led government's objective of economic growth, rather than improving the overall quality of life, to a large degree explains the reclamation strategy. What’s more, the HK government is considering building canals on the islands, with renderings suggesting it will create a much larger volume of stagnant water that would become foul-smelling. Note that most of the urban area (shown in pink in the map below) of Hong Kong is on the reclaimed land. Another method would be that the proposed islands be designed in such a way that major marine passages would not be blocked and currents could be sped up. In 1972, the first cross-harbour tunnel opened, linking the peninsula to HK Island. And it’s not just on the Island—over the past 170-plus years, land reclamation has been an essential force in transforming Hong Kong from a sleepy fishing village to a sprawling metropolis. This first land reclamation project extended the shoreline by 15 metres. In 1912, Ho Kai went into partnership with Au Tak to form a company to develop a piece of land formed by reclamation. [14] Hong Kong Disneyland , Hong Kong International Airport , and its predecessor, Kai Tak Airport , were all built on reclaimed land. This sort of oxygen depletion – known as hypoxia – may cause irreparable damage to the marine ecosystem. Should the harbour’s water flow be slowed substantially, its self-cleansing ability may be severely impacted, a situation only aggravated by reclamation projects increasing water turbidity. The project has revived environmental concerns over land reclamation and has elicited criticism towards a perceived misuse of the city’s fiscal resources. Land reclamation policy reflected this transition, as projects such as expansion into Victoria Harbour, growth of the city’s port and building a new international airport gained traction. In 1993, Hong Kong recorded an urbanisation rate of 100%, meaning that all of the territory’s residents were considered to be residing in urban environments. However, this new space and opportunity comes at a significant cost; with its heavy price tag, it will drain the city’s fiscal reserves, which have already been severely depleted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Reclaimed land houses around 27% of Hong Kong’s population and 70% of its business activities. Therefore, the Lantau land reclamation project is not only an effective solution to addressing land shortage in Hong Kong, it also provides a strong foundation for capitalising on growth opportunities in the Greater Bay Area. During the same year, a British luxury liner sank in the harbour (click here for pictures and a video.In 1975, the Bank of America Tower was completed. The classification of Victoria Harbour as an asset of cultural as well as natural value in 1997 was seen as an important step, although it did little to reverse the modifications to the harbour that had already been carried out, nor did it halt pre-approved massive reclamation projects. The Hong Kong government has adapted its land reclamation policies to different economic needs over the decades; moving forward, the city will also have to consider the needs and demands of its citizenry. In 2016, 47% of Hong Kong’s 7.35 million population lived in new towns. It is arguable that, without land reclamation, Hong Kong would never have achieved its current status as a global city with first-rate infrastructure. While a proposed upgrade of a harbour treatment scheme would achieve this desired effect, the plan would not cover large parts of NT or outlying islands like Lantau. A reduction in water volume, combined with urban expansion, would also decrease the harbour’s ability to cool and ventilate surrounding areas, aggravating air pollution and raising urban temperatures. Most container ships arrive here with little cargo apart from empty containers and perhaps some minor trade goods. The debris is then used to either extend the coastline or create artificial islands. Land reclamation appears to be a mainstay of policy planning for the city in the near future, although its strengths must be balanced with environmental security and minimisation of biodiversity loss. The bill contained a grandfather clause that allowed previously approved projects to be completed uninhibited by the ordinance. Thousands of Hong Kongers turned out to protest the Edinburgh Place Star Ferry Pier’s demolition, vocalising public dissent to further impact on the natural harbourfront. Assessing the impact of reclamation activities on recent sedimentation in victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Hong Kong is just one of many examples where land reclamation contributed to growth and development. 6% of overall territorial size) of new land for socioeconomic development. The territory’s British rulers opted to combine the rubble with soil from nearby hill slopes and deposit it in the harbour to create a new roadway along the coastline. The financial repercussions are only the tip of the iceberg. But the mainland is now embarking on the world's biggest rehousing project, moving hundreds of millions of people from rural areas to secondary cities where they can enjoy a far better lifestyle. In 1997, the Hong Kong government passed the Protection of the Harbour Ordinance bill, which categorises Victoria Harbour as a public asset of natural and cultural heritage value to Hong Kong and its citizens, and therefore limits reclamation activities that might damage it. As a response, the Hong Kong government forgoed the private enterprise-driven approach to land reclamation, and intervened directly to create new habitable land to accommodate the city’s rapidly growing population. The government envisions an additional 260 000 to 400 000 residential units from the “Lantau Tomorrow” from 2032, completed in stages to meet the housing needs of approximately 700 000 to 1.1 million people. Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin, Tuen Mun, Tai Po, With these concerns in mind, the government should consider some of the following mitigation measures. The first modern use of land reclamation as a policy measure in Hong Kong occurred in 1851. In the 1970s, as mainland China began to open itself to foreign capital investment and become the global epicentre of cheap manufacturing, Hong Kong’s firms moved their manufacturing operations to the mainland. Hong Kong – (Main article: Land reclamation in Hong Kong) Praya Reclamation Scheme began in the late 1860s and consisted of two stages totaling 20 to 24 hectares (50 to 60 acres). As long … Meanwhile Hong Kong's overall reclamation needs for its new wave of housing will dwarf our biggest reclamation project so far, the creation of the Hong Kong International Airport off the northern coast of Lantau Island. From there it could be trucked to reclamation sites. Another could involve a costly scheme to remove nutrients from sewage across the city before this waste is discharged. In December of that year, a devastating fire consumed 450 homes in the city’s Sheung Wan neighbourhood, leaving behind mounds of rubble and debris alongside Hong Kong Island’s western harbourfront. Environmental concerns over the protection of Hong Kong’s marine environments are growing due to the increasing interconnectedness of cities along the Pearl River Delta (PRD). As one of the most crowded cities in the world, the city has turned to a construction method that has been practiced throughout human history – land reclamation. Ultimately, a comprehensive study examining ocean hydrodynamics, nutrient sources, waste water cycle in the environment and affected ecosystem will be necessary if we are to proceed with any form of land reclamation project. in the late 1980s and 1990s. The territory’s British rulers opted to combine the rubble with soil from nearby hill slopes and deposit it in the harbour to create a new roadway along the coastline. With a staggering HKD$624 billion price tag attached, the project aims to house 1.1 million people in an economic and residential hub through the creation of artificial islands covering 1 000 hectares beginning in 2026 or 2027. It used it to build the airport and around 6 percent of its current land area. , 47% of Hong Kong’s 7.35 million population lived in new towns. According to Dr. Lam, churned sediment and the deposition of organic and inorganic polluting materials will have a causal effect on marine food webs. Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport in Hong Kong. Of the nine new towns, six have been built on reclaimed land. As one of the most crowded cities in the world, the city has turned to a construction method that has been practiced throughout human history – land reclamation. Central and Wan Chai Reclamation is a project launched by the government of Hong Kong since the 1990s to reclaim land for different purposes. Given the prevailing role of private enterprise in early reclamation projects, the practice was conducted in. Based on a public and private housing ratio of 7:3, the remaining land lots can provide quality residential areas to offer the middle class a wider choice in buying their first homes or replacing old ones. Reclaimed land houses around 27% of Hong Kong’s population and 70% of its business activities. People have the false feeling that we can preserve habitats and species after development.”, In 2018, the Hong Kong government announced. The growth of Hong Kong’s urban areas and its city-dwelling population has largely been predicated on a set of unique policies that have allowed the city to develop despite environmental challenges such as a tropical climate and mountainous terrain. In particular, the land reclamation project threatens to destroy the entire marine ecosystem in the Lantau area. As reclamation projects pivoted to focus on building Hong Kong’s capacity for a service economy, public reception of the practice turned increasingly negative. These reclaimed lands were rapidly developed into urban area. Chief Executive Carrie Lam said reclamation is one of the feasible options for creating land in Hong Kong if country parks and wetlands cannot be used for development. In particular, the land reclamation project threatens to destroy the entire marine ecosystem in the Lantau area. Our best stories direct to your inbox every fortnight. The debris is then used to either extend the coastline or create artificial islands. It aims to replicate Central’s functions too: the business district will host an extensive transportation network that connects with Central on Hong Kong island, enabling high value-added logistics and business services on par with the development of the Greater Bay Area market. Reclamation also took place on the southern end of the Kowloon peninsula. Eventually another 101 hectares of land was added to Hong Kong's surface. Taking six new towns (i.e. Much of the territory’s infrastructure projects were only achievable through land reclamation, including the Hong Kong Airport, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge and the expansion of the city’s MTR metro system in Victoria Harbour. It is a rocky, mountainous region that, since the 1890s, has been forced to embark on one large reclamation after another to eke out its niggardly flat land mass and so provide sites for future growth. Central and Wan Chai Reclamation is a project launched by the government of Hong Kong since the 1990s to reclaim land for different purposes. Given the prevailing role of private enterprise in early reclamation projects, the practice was conducted in a regulated but uncoordinated manner until the mid-20th century. Acta Geographica Sinicaˈ52(1997), p 220–227 [6] Pan Shaoming, Shi XiaodongˈWang Jianye. To meet the needs of a growing population, the Government launched a series of reclamation projects in phases in 1850s-1900s at both sides of Victoria Harbour to expand Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula. The background to this project, and the origin of its name, is given on page 32 of the book, The life and times of Sir Kai Ho Kai: In 1912, Ho Kai went into partnership with Au Tak to form a company to develop a piece of land formed by reclamation. Following construction of The New Oriental Building, between June 1904 and December 1905, Central saw the completion of five major buildings that were Hong Kong's first 'skyscrapers'. In December of that year. Between 1877 and 2020, over 70 sq km of land has been reclaimed in Hong Kong. In the 1950s, Hong Kong’s population began growing at exponential rates, which was largely due to a massive influx of migrants from mainland China. Of the nine new towns, six have been built on reclaimed land. albertlin@chinadailyhk.com. The author is Op-Ed editor of China Daily Hong Kong Edition. Water will likely stagnate as the water’s ability to flush out waste water (discharges from the Pearl River Delta and around HK) will weaken, which will lead to stagnant harbours across the artificial islands. to satisfy population growth and demands related to the capacity of the city’s service economy. On the topic of Hong Kong’s developmental policy taking precedence over conservation efforts, Dr. Lam stated: “Hong Kong likes to adopt the ‘development first, conservation later’ approach. Of course arrangements would have to be made in the ships' home countries to buy and transport the sand. the Lantau land reclamation project is not only an effective solution to addressing land shortage in Hong Kong, it also provides a strong foundation for capitalising on growth opportunities in the Greater Bay Area. Meanwhile Hong Kong's overall reclamation needs for its new wave of housing will dwarf our biggest reclamation project so far, the creation of the Hong Kong … The reclamation of land from the ocean has long been used in mountainous Hong Kong to expand the limited supply of usable land with a total of around 60 square kilometres of land created by 1996. The classification of Victoria Harbour as an asset of cultural as well as natural value in 1997 was seen as an important step, although it did little to reverse the modifications to the harbour that had already been carried out, nor did it halt pre-approved massive reclamation projects. Additionally, reclamation projects that are able to demonstrate a clear economic, commercial and social value may still be approved pending review. The Chater Road reclamation can thus be seen as the starting point for Hongkong Land's development of "Central" as Hong Kong's business district. The airport opened for commercial operations in 1998, replacing Kai Tak, and is an important regional trans-shipment centre, passenger hub and gateway for … Assessing the impact of reclamation activities on recent sedimentation in victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Dec. 10 2018. As a response, the Hong Kong government forgoed the private enterprise-driven approach to land reclamation, and intervened directly to create new habitable land to accommodate the city’s rapidly growing population. In March, Earth.Org interviewed, of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology’s Department of Ocean Science, who discussed land reclamation’s contribution to biodiversity and habitat loss. Land Reclamation in Hong Kong (Fig 2) Low oxygen levels can create “dead zones,” which will suffocate marine life and cause others to flee the area. Another could involve a costly scheme to remove nutrients from sewage across the city before this waste is discharged. . Reclaimed land supports many of the city’s landmarks, including Hong Kong Island’s iconic skyline. In addition to the environmental impact, land reclamation harms efforts to conserve Hong Kong’s cultural heritage. So it seems we'll have trouble finding the huge amount of soil that all those new housing estates will require for providing the foundation sites and associated infrastructure. Although early attempts can be traced back to the Western Han Dynasty, land reclamation began in Hong Kong in earnest during British rule with the first reclamation of Bonham Strand in 1851. This included the Central and Wan Chai reclamation project which had been endorsed as early as. An analysis of Hong Kong reclamation and its effect. , focusing on urban development projects across Kowloon, New Territories and Lantau Island. A foresighted trader saw an exciting use for that elliptical sandbank, which the locals called Shamian or "Sandy Surface". Hence, one of its most pressing issues today and for the future, is the lack of available land for housing and development. Despite being a fixture in the history of Hong Kong’s development, land reclamation as a practice has recently been met with public criticism towards its impact on the city’s natural and cultural heritage. One of the biggest problems was to transform a muddy riverbank into the elevated backstretch of an ultra-modern racetrack held in place with a formidable seawall. While the government has portrayed a. as an impact study, it is primarily a planning and engineering study – usually associated as the last step before construction of the project commences. , the size of Hong Kong’s Central district. Hong Kong is just one of many examples where land reclamation contributed to growth and development. Much of the territory’s infrastructure projects were only achievable through land reclamation, including the Hong Kong Airport, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge and the expansion of the city’s MTR metro system in Victoria Harbour. , reclaimed land represented 6% of Hong Kong’s total area and 25% of its developed land. But the ship owners would undoubtedly jump at the chance of filling their otherwise empty containers with sand and profit from this simple exercise. Japanese occupation of Hong Kong commenced on December 25, 1941 after Sir Mark Young, the Governor of Hong Kong by then, had surrendered the land of Hong Kong to Japan. The majority of this area was reclaimed in the New Territories and its islands. Early reclamation projects were welcomed by the government, as they alleviated health and safety concerns in overcrowded neighbourhoods and homes.
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